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LITERACY AND ILLITERACY 
IN ALABAMA 



INCLUDING THE COMPLETE DATA AND SOME OBSER- 
VATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS BASED ON THE 
BIENNIAL CENSUS OF 1914. 




Issued by 

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION, 

Montgomery, Alabama, 



Montgomery, Ala. 

BROWN PRINTING COMPANY, 

Printers and Binders, 

1914. 



LCl.52. 

Il.l4 

OBSERVATIONS AND COMMENTS 



^^ HE law requires that our biennial census shall as- 
V^ certain the number of children of school age from 
82221 seven to twenty-one in the several districts in 
the several counties of the State. It has been the cus- 
tom to supplement this requirement and segregate the 
data both by race and by sex. 

Before the recent census was taken, the county su- 
perintendents were called into conference, and after 
much free and frank discussion it was decided to se- 
cure in addition to the above, statistics for each county 
including every rural district and incorporated town 
therein, showing the number of persons by years and 
by races who could read and write as well as those 
who could not read and write, in this way classifying 
them as literate or illiterate. 

In continuation of the plan, the State Superintend- 
ent of Education met the county superintendents in 
groups and carefully went over the work to be under- 
taken, acquainting them with the forms that had been 
prepared and advising with them about the minutest 
details, especially insisting upon the appointment of 
competent enumerators to do the work. The execution 
of the plans was entered upon with a remarkable degree 
of enthusiasm in the hope that accurate findings and a 
detailed study of the same might make it possible to 
devise ways and means for erasing the dark stain of 
gross ignorance which beclouds many regions and en- 
shrouds many individuals in Alabama. 

The chart which follows gives the number of pupils 
by ages and classifies them as literate and illiterate 
except the children seven years old, in which case the 



4 

number only of such children is given. Inasmuch as 
children eight and nine years of age, even under the 
most favorable circumstances, have had not more than 
one or two years of school at the most, it would seem 
unfair to reckon them as illiterates in any technical 
sense. They are set down in the columns "Literate and 
Illiterate," but no account is taken of them in reckon- 
ing the rank of any county. The ranking of the coun- 
ties following the census statistics is based altogeth- 
er on the figures for the ages from ten to twenty, inclip 
sive. These are the ages upon which the government 
bases its estimates in similar investigations and will 
therefore by common consent be considered fair and 
equitable. 

Personally I have no doubt that in apportioning our 
State funds we would better begin with the age of five 
and conclude with the age of eighteen years. In this 
way we would be able to have the State put its stamp 
of approval upon kindergarten training and at the 
same time avoid the inconsistency of appropriating 
money for elementary school purposes for pupils who 
either are no longer in school or are in some higher in- 
stitution of learning. An examination of the data 
herein given will show that it is practically impossible 
to secure complete returns for the ages of nineteen 
and twenty. The dropping-off in the number for these 
ages is relatively uniform and may be accounted for 
largely by the fact that persons of this age are mar- 
ried or are engaged in such occupations as lead the 
individuals themselves to misrepresent their ages, or 
make those who are conducting the census suspect that 
they are already beyond school age. 

The several counties of the State are ranked in Table 
I according to white literacy, in Table II according to 
negro literacy, and in Table III according to the com- 
bined literacy. This gives definite information as to 



the relative standing of each and every county in the 
State. The superintendents and school officials of the 
several counties will find it comparatively easy from 
the compilation sheets and census booklets in their 
possession to work out the conditions that prevail in 
any district and, in fact, to secure the names and ad- 
dresses of every illiterate in every district in the county. 

To be illiterate, in the sense in which it is used in 
this census, may not be any reflection upon the indi- 
vidual who is so unfortunate, but it is a reflection upon 
somebody, and for him to much longer remain illiter- 
ate with such data at our command as this pamphlet 
furnishes, cannot be considered less than culpable on 
the part of the individual himself and much more so 
upon the part of those who have the opportunity to 
minister to these afflicted ones. 

Illiteracy in Alabama is excessive, alarmingly ex- 
cessive, and is due largely to lack of adequate school 
facilities and the presence of an unfortunate race which 
has made progress very difficult indeed for both races. 
There are in the State of Alabama 35,495 white per- 
sons and 29,843 negroes ten years of age; of the for- 
mer, 6,707, or 19%, and of the latter 14,730, or 49%, can 
neither read nor write. There are 31,406 white and 
22,994 negro children eleven years of age; 4,340, or 
14% of the former, and 9,531, or 41% of the latter, can 
neither read nor write. There are 34,316 white and 
31,004 negro children twelve years of age; of the for- 
mer 3,657, or 11%, and 10,966, or 35% of the latter, can 
neither read nor write. There are 3.0,519 white and 
25,041 negro children thirteen years of age; of the for- 
mer, 2,595, or 8y 2 %, and 7,405, or 29% of the latter, 
can neither read nor write. There are 31,202 white 
and 29,827 negro children fourteen years of age; 2,144, 
or 6% of the former, and 7,264, or 24% of the latter, 
can neither read nor write. There are 27,338 white 



and 19,602 negro children fifteen years of age; 1,572, 
or 53/4% of the former, and 4,333, or 22% of the latter, 
can neither read nor write. There are 28,955 white 
and 24,018 negro children sixteen years of age; of the 
former, 1,480, or 5%, and of the latter 4,612, or 19%, 
can neither read nor write. There are 25,979 white 
and 18,808 negro children seventeen years of age ; 1,199, 
or 4.6% of the former, and 3,640, or 19% of the latter, 
can neither read nor write. There are 25,126 white 
and 17,475 negro children eighteen years of age ; of the 
former, 1,131, or 4%, and of the latter, 3,427, or 19%, 
can neither read nor write. 

In the aggregate there are 306,857 white children in 
Alabama between the ages of ten and twenty, inclusive. 
Of this number 280,598 are literate and 26,259 are il- 
literate. This means that one out of every twelve, al- 
though he has had the opportunity of public education 
for three years or even much more, is still unable to 
read and write. There are 240,814 colored children 
in the State between the ages of ten and twenty, inclu- 
sive, of whom 170,567 are literate and 70,247 are illiter- 
ate. This means that one negro in four, between the 
aforesaid ages, cannot read and write. For our com- 
bined population there are 547,671 children between the 
ages of ten and twenty, inclusive, and of this number 
451,165 are literate and 96,506 are illiterate. In other 
words, one person out of every six of our total popu- 
lation within the above age limits, despite the fact that 
he has recently had the opportunity of public educa- 
tion for a considerable period of years, still remains 
absolutely helpless and unlearned. When we think of 
how many avenues of progress are closed and barred 
to so many near-citizens of Alabama, in this day of op- 
portunity, we can but realize the magnitude of the 
well-nigh superhuman task that challenges the most 



heroic efforts of those who believe in the gospel of free- 
public education for the masses. 

Any fair consideration of the figures just quoted will 
prove conclusively that if we are to progress material- 
ly under these conditions, we shall have to have more 
money to provide longer and better schools, better 
housed and equipped, and with a better teaching force, 
to which our children shall be required to go. 

That conditions are gradually improving, no one can 
deny, but if our number of illiterates decreases in 
future census decades by the number that it decreased 
in the last census decade, it will require just sixty- 
five years to place Alabama and the people of Alabama 
where they ought to be when educational opportunity 
is equalized and utilized. With the most favorable 
legislation that could possibly come, and with the most 
favorable reception and operation of that legislation, 
we would still require a profound degree of consecra- 
tion, self-sacrifice and service on the part of a great 
many volunteers for the work of bringing light to the 
districts where the gloom of illiteracy now casts its 
black pall, and to the benighted individuals who feel 
its cold clutch; light in carrying home and making 
real the conviction that equality of educational oppor- 
tunity is the birthright of every American child and 
must be given him no matter in what part of our com- 
monwealth he may chance to have been born or to live; 
light to those persons of maturer years who for one 
reason or another have been denied the privilege of at- 
tending school and have therefore no ability to add to 
their feeble store of learning except as they may see or 
hear or be told. 

A little woman in a backwoods Kentucky county 
had a vision, set agoing the Moonlight Schools of 
Rowan county, and in the short space of a very few 
years practically wiped ou illiteracy in that county. 



8 

The contagion of her ideals and example spread to 
other counties, and so rapid the sentiment grew that a. 
state commission was appointed to completely remove 
illiteracy from Kentucky. Our Federal Commissioner 
of Education is formulating a program for a nation- 
wide campaign against illiteracy as a direct outgrowth 
of the work which had its inception in the Blue Grass 
State. 

It is my belief that there are a number of individuals 
in this State who are patriotic enough to give them- 
selves over to the task of making a crusade against 
illiteracy in their communities, if we only knew how 
to find them. Here lies the opportunity for the far- 
sighted county superintendent of education and for 
any other patriotic citizen who can catch the inspira- 
tion that actuated Mrs. Cora Wilson Stewart. For 
such as these this pamphlet is being sent out and in 
the belief that any soul who gives himself to a task 
like this, namely, that of bringing light and help and 
cheer to those who have never learned to know the in- 
dependence, the self-respect, the information, and the 
delight that are contained in the written or printed 
page, is worthy of honorable mention whenever we call 
to mind those true patriots who serve humanity and 
glorify the State. 

This Department invites the closest scrutiny of the 
figures contained in this pamphlet and stands ready to 
cooperate to the fullest degree with any individual or 
group of individuals who may get a vision of the pos- 
sibilities for service in this field and be willing to do 
anything for the alleviation of the same. 




Supt. of Education. 



LITERACY AND ILLITERACY 
IN ALABAMA 



TABULATION BY COUNTIES 



BIENNIAL CENSUS 1914 



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25 



LITERACY AND ILLITERACY 
IN ALABAMA 



RANK OF COUNTIES 



BIENNIAL CENSUS 1914 



26 



TABLE I— WHITE 



COUNTIES. 







-t-> 


4> 


a 


4-< 


o> 


03 


U 


o> 


u 


+-> 


<D 




Pn 


hH 



Lowndes — 

Dallas 

Montgomery 

Sumter 

Greene 

Macon 

Bullock ___ 

Mobile 

Lee 

Marengo 

Jefferson 

Perry 

Hale 

Russell 

Coosa 

Elmore 

Pickens 

Pike 

Autauga 

Wilcox 

Barbour 

Clarke 

BaldwiD — 
Tallapoosa _ 

Butler 

Calhoun — 

Morgan 

Chilton 

Lamar 

DeKalb 

Washington 

Colbert 

Crenshaw _ 

Shelby 

Tuscaloosa . 
Marshall _- 



832 
2,150 
5,307 
1,399 
626 
955 
1,062 
10,602 
2,982 
2,059 
31,684 
1,687 
1,339 
1,211 
2,409 
4,049 
3,315 
3,867 
1,912 
1,446 
3,064 
3,232 
3,629 
5,408 
3,710 
7,418 
6,276 
4,772 
3,861 
6,997 
2,061 
3,872 
3,649 
4,751 
6,776 
7,312 



828 
2,132 
5,250 
1,384 
618 
936 
1,040 
10,363 
2,913 
2,008 
30;877 
1,637 
1,291 
1,167 
2,319 
3,887 
3,169 
3,691 
1,812 
1,371 
2,885 
3,034 
3,40: 
5,068 
3,450 
6,853 
5,793 
4,403 
3,558 
6,441 
1,5 
3,562 
3,341 
4,350 
6,188 
6,640 



4 

18 

57 

15 

8 

19 

22 

239 

69 

51 

807 

50 

48 

44 

90 

162 

146 

176 

100 

75 

179 

198 

227 

340 

260 

565 

483 

369 

303 

556 

163 

310 

308 

401 

588 

672 



.5 
.8 
1.1 
1.1 
1.3 
1.9 
2.1 
2.3 
2.3 
2.5 
2.5 
2.9 
3.6 
3.6 
3.7 
4.0 
4.4 
4.6 
5.2 
5.2 
5.8 
6.1 
6.3 
6.3 
7.0 
7.6 
7.7 
7.7 
7.8 
7.9 
7.9 
8.0 
8.4 
8.4 
8.7 
9.2 



27 



TABLE I— WHITE— Continued 



COUNTIES. 



Bibb 

Talladega 

Chambers 

Conecuh 

Henry 

Blount 

Clay 

St. Clair 

Monroe 

Cullman 

Etowah 

Houston 

Marion 

Escambia 

Lauderdale _ 

Cherokee 

Dale 

Lawrence 

Choctaw 

Franklin 

Winston 

Fayette 

Walker 

Covington 

Limestone 

Jackson 

Coffee 

Cleburne 

Madison 

Geneva 

Randolph 

Totals 






33 



3,827 
4,775 
4,981 
2,806 
2,406 
5,518 
4,526 
4,617 
2,750 
7,457 
7,322 
6,000 
4,625 
3,694 
6,044 
4,268 
4,008 
3,705 
2,070 
4,159 
•3,163 
4,014 
7,324 
7,160 
4,219 
6,844 
5,616 
3,146 
6,979 
5,805 
5,348 



a a) 






3,474 
4,326 
4,500 
2,534 
2,172 
4,972 
4,068 
4,150 
2,469 
6,685 
6,543 
5,357 
4,129 
3,289 
5,384 
3,784 
3,555 
3,276 
1,826 
3,667 
2,757 
3,497 
6,373 
6,201 
3,653 
5,913 
4,841 
2,686 
5,955 
4,795 
4,208 



353 
449 
481 
272 
234 
546 
458 
467 
281 
772 
779 
643 
496 
405 
660 
484 
453 
429 
244 
492 
406 
517 
951 
959 
566 
931 
775 
460 
1,024 
1,010 
1,140 



P-i h-i 



9.2 
9.4 
9.7 
9.7 
9.7 
9.9 
10.1 
10.1 
10.2 
10.4 
10.6 
10.7 
10.7 
10.9 
10.9 
11.3 
11.3 
11.6 
11.8 
11.8 
12.8 
12.9 
12.9 
13.4 
13.4 
13.6 
13.8 
14.6 
14.7 
17.4 
21.3 



37 
38 
39 
40 
41 
42 
43 
44 
45 
46 
47 
48 
49 
50 
51 
52 
53 
54 
55 
56 
57 
58 
59 
60 
61 
62 
63 
64 
65 
66 
67 



306,857 280,598 26,259 8.6 



WHERE DOES YOUR COUNTY STAND? 



28 



TABLE II— COLORED 




Winston 

Jefferson 

I )eKalb 

Morgan 

Mobile 

Calhoun 

Colbert 

Cullman 

Walker 

Baldwin 

Macon 

Pickens 

Lauderdale 

Perry 

Marion 

Tuscaloosa 

Escambia 

Blount 

Russell 

Bullock 

Etowah 

Lawrence 

St. Clair 

Cherokee 

Lee 

Coosa 

Pike _ 

Montgomery 

Elmore 

Hale 

Madison 

Franklin 

Jackson 

Randolph 

Tallapoosa 

Houston 



29 



TABLE II— COLORED— Continued 



COUNTIES. 



? a oj 
3 ?> ?> 



O TO 

3 0) 



OJ TO 

II 



8g 



Lamar 

Lowndes _. 

Shelby 

Marshall _. 

Chilton 

Talladega . 

Payette 

Butler 

Clarke 

Washington 

Choctaw 

Bibb 

Barbour 

Dallas -1- — 

Clay 

Dale 

Marengo 

Crenshaw _. 

Coffee 

Covington __ 

Conecuh 

Cleburne 

Sumter 

Greene 

Henry 

Chambers _ 
Limestone - 

Wilcox 

Monroe 

Geneva 

Autauga — 



Totals 



S2S 
7,903 
1,620 

294 

941 
4,833 

003 
5,092 
4,641 
1,426 
3,519 
1,895 
5,741 
11,890 

652 
1,522 
7,413 
1,761 
1,612 
1,965 
2,700 

156 
7,711 
4,404 
2,500 
6,310 
2,482 
7,275 
3,829 
1,179 
3,180 

240,814 



573 
5,408 
1,111 

201 

643 
. 3,268 

340 
3,410 
3,099 

948 
2,337 
1,258 
3,804 
7,769 

416 

961 
4,657 
1,105 
1,009 
1.224 
1,678 
96 
4,610 
2,504 
1,418 
3,527 
1,381 
4,021 
2,082 

625 
1,579 

170,567 



255 
2,435 

509 
93 

298 
1,565 

163 
1,682 
1,542 

478 
1,182 

637 
1,937 
4,121 

236 

561 
2,756 

656 

003 

741 
1,022 
60 
3,101 
1,900 
1,082 
2,783 
1,101 
3,254 
1,747 

554 
1,601 

70,247 



30.8 
30.8 
31.4 
31.6 
31.7 
32.4 
32.4 
33.0 
33.2 
33.5 
33.6 
33.6 
33.7 
34.7 
36.2 
36.8 
37.2 
37.2 
37.4 
37.7 
37.9 
38.5 
40.2 
43.1 
43.3 
44.1 
44.3 
44.7 
45.6 
46.9 
50.3 

29.2 . 



37 

38 
39 
40 
41 
42 
43 
44 
45 
40 
47 
48 
49 
50 
51 
52 
53 
54 
55 
50 
57 
58 
59 
60 
61 
62 
63 
64 
65 
66 
67 



30 



TABLE III— WHITE AND COLORED COMBINED 



COUNTIES. 






<u 






<D 


c3 


o 


OJ 


u 


+3 


a> 




Ch 


P 1 



Jefferson _ 
DeKalb __ 

Mobile 

Morgan 

Marshall _ 

Cullman 

Baldwin 

Blount 

Calhoun 

Marion 

Chilton ___ 

Larnar 

Winston 

Colbert 

Franklin _ 
St. Clair __ 
Cherokee _ 

Etowah 

Clay 

Lauderdale 

Shelby 

Coosa 

Walker __ 
Pickens __ 

Elmore 

Jackson __ 

Fayette 

Tallapoosa 
Tuscaloosa 
Escambia _. 
Lawrence _. 
Cleburne — 
Houston __. 

Pike 

Bibb 



55,682 
7,208 

17,890 
8,322 
7,606 
7,559 
4,906 
5,810 

10,414 
4,750 
5,713 
4,689 
3,166 
6,989 
4,471 
5,621 
4,853 
8,738 
5,178 
7,731 
6,371 
4,368 
8,548 
7,091 
7,349 
7,464 
4,517 
8,470 

11,254 
5,231 
4,966 
3,302 
8,424 
8,020 
5,722 



53,004 
6,625 
16,423 
7,504 
6,841 
6,764 
4,384 
5,190 
9,299 
4,223 
5,046 
4,131 
2,760 
6,083 
3,889 
4,885 
4,212 
7,583 
4,484 
6,670 
5,461 
3,737 
7,316 
6,057 
6,248 
6,348 
3,837 
7,191 
9,549 
4,438 
4,201 
2,782 
7#36 
6,690 
4,732 



2,678 

583 

1,467 

818 

765 

795 

522 

620 

1,115 

527 

667 

558 

406 

906 

582 

736 

641 

1,155 

" 694 

1,061 

910 

631 

1,232 

1,034 

1,101 

1,116 

680 

1,279 

1,705 

793 

765 

520 

1,388 

1,330 

990 



4.8 
8.1 
8.2 
9.8 
10.1 
10.5 
10.6 
10.7 
10.7 
11.1 
11.7 
11.9 
12.8 
13.0 
13.0 
13.1 
13.2 
13.2 
13.4 
13.7 
14.3 
14.4 
14.4 
14.6 
14.9 
15.0 
15.1 
15.1 
15.2 
15.2 
15.4 
15.7 
16.5 
16.6 
17.3 



31 



TABLE III— WHITE AND COLORED COMBINED— Continued 



COUNTIES. 



o 1-< 

^ a cs 
& ? 9 



£3 






0) ^ 

P-i K 



Crenshaw _ 

Dale 

Washington 

Lee 

Covington _ 

Coffee 

Perry 

Madison 

Macon 

Talladega _ 
Montgomery 

Butler 

Russell 

Clarke 

Geneva 

Randolph __ 

Bullock 

Conecuh 

Hale 

Barbour 

Limestone - 

Choctaw 

Henry 

Lowndes — 
Chambers _ 

Dallas 

Marengo 

■Monroe 

Auta L-ura 
Sumter _. 

Greene 

Wilcox 



Totals 



5,410 
5,530 
3,487 
8,343 
9,125 
7,228 
8,369 

11,194 
6,508 
9,608 

21,630 
8,802 
7,219 
7,873 
6,984 
6,901 
8,400 
5,506 
7,090 
8,805 
6,701 
5,589 
4,906 
8,735 

11,291 

14,040 
9,472 
6,579 
5,092 
9,110 
5,030 
«-S,721 

547,671 



4,446 
4,516 
2,846 
6,801 
7,425 
5,850 
6,722 
8,964 
5,192 
7,594 
16,994 
6,860 
5,626 
6,133 
5,420 
5,297 
6,427 
4,212 
5,402 
6,689 
5,034 
4,163 
3,590 
6,296 
8,027 
9,901 
6,665 
4,551 
3,391 
5,994 
3,122 
5,392 

45H,165 



964 
1,014 

641 
1,542 
1,700 
1,378 
1,647 
2,230 
1,316 
2,014 
4,636 
1,942 
1,593 
1,740 
1,564 
1,604 
1,973 
1,294 
1,688 
2,116 
1,667 
1,426 
1,316 
2,439 
3,264 
4,139 
2,807 
2,028 
1,701 
3,116 
1,908 
3,329 

96,506 



17.8 
18.3 
18.4 
18.5 
18.6 
19.1 
19.7 
19.9 
20.2 
21.0 
21.4 
22.1 
22.1 
22.1 
22.4 
23.2 
23.5 
23.5 
23.8 
24.0 
24.9 
25.5 
26.8 
27.9 
28.9 
29.5 
29.6 
30.8 
33.4 
34.2 
37.9 
38.2 

17.6 



36 
37 
38 
39 

40 
41 
42 
43 
44 
45 
46 
47 
48 
49 
50 
51 
52 
53 
54 
55 
56 
57 
58 
59 
60 
61 
62 
63 
64 
65 
66 
67 



540 








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